The turbulent flow and flame dynamics within a lean direct fuel injection (LDI) multi-swirl gas turbine combustor is examined using a combination of state-of-the-art diagnostic methods, including laser doppler velocimetry (LDV), particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and fine bead thermocouples, and modern computational methods, such as flamelet-based large eddy simulations (LES).
Data collection is gathered using various methods including laser scanners, photo or video cameras, GPR, thermal, or acoustics to identify distresses.
Extensive studies have been performed to produce Si nanoparticles using various methods including laser ablation [6, 7], plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [8], hot wire CVD [9], sputtering [10], Si implantation [11], intense pulsed ion beam evaporation [12], and co-evaporation of SiO plus SiO2 with subsequent heat treatment [13].
In the past decade, a number of methods including laser ablation [6, 7], thermal oxidation [8, 9], solution-phase growth [10], and template-assisted synthesis [11] have been employed to fabricate various one-dimensional metal oxide semiconductor nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoribbons [12].
Recently, due to increased demand for scar management, the efficacy of various methods, including laser treatment, is being evaluated [ 1– 5].
Methods, including laser-assisted microvia drilling and surface mount technologies for example, are being used to minimize the impacts of the problems.
Several studies attempted to explore the mechanisms of M1 interaction for pain control using objective methods, including laser-evoked potentials, which are a reliable measure of nociceptive pathways function [8].
Bottom-up growth methods include laser ablation, evaporation, solution-based methods and chemical vapour deposition (CVD).
These methods include laser or ion-beam induced deposition.
In biomedical applications, several DLS methods are used, including: Laser Doppler flowmetry [ 4– 6], Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy (DWS) [ 7– 10], and Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI) [ 11– 15].
In addition to the pioneer study of Iijima for the preparation of MWCNTs and SWCNT using arc evaporation method [16, 17, 18, 19], other methods have been reported including laser ablation [19], chemical vapor deposition [20], electrolysis [20], flame synthesis [19], etc.
