Computational design methods have typically treated the protein backbone as a rigid structure for the sake of computational tractability.
Conventional graphene patterning methods have typically been based on top-down processes to achieve well-defined nanoscale patterns.
Previous estimates of food waste using these traditional methods have typically concluded that about one third of food mass is wasted [4], [5].
These methods have typically involved direct measurements of the mean fitness of the populations over time.
In terms of performance in predicting functional associations, however, the dedicated flux-based methods have typically been superior.
Therefore, most previous methods have typically ignored cross-hybridization and focused on taking mean or median intensities of probes as the estimated raw CNs [ 15, 31].
These methods have typically only been applied to interacting pairs of species at a single time, require a priori ecological knowledge about which species interact, and due to data paucity must assume that biotic interactions are constant in space and time.
However, this method has typically needed a lot of energy to keep the condenser at the right temperature and still required a fairly high humidity level, Wang noted.
Our method of evaluating pollsters has typically involved looking at all the polls that a firm conducted over the final three weeks of the campaign, rather than its very last poll alone.
Previous research has typically categorized instructors' methods as either "active learning" or "traditional lectures," but as active-learning methods have become more widely used, this categorization no longer adequately captures the variation among instructors' teaching methods.
