The ability of simplified seismic design methods for tunnels to predict the response is finally discussed, by comparing their predictions with the recorded data and the numerical results.
Furthermore, our research team proposed the optimization design method for tunnel heat insulation and anti-freezing by using geothermal energy and presented the challenges for future applications of the ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system in tunnels.
This article recommends an assessment method for tunnel deformation, defined by the maximum extension and maximum contraction of the tunnel diameter and their associated axes with respect to the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively.
The new approach facilitates as well the implementation, from one side, of the probabilistic approach for managing the inherent uncertainty and variability of rock mass properties and, from the other, of the RMi system as empirical method for tunnel design.
For instance, this technique has been shown to be a successful method for tunnel positioning in contemporary MPFL reconstructions [77] and lateral collateral ligament reconstructions [41].
Although the 2D CT method for tunnel enlargement evaluation is commonly used, its limitations regarding alignment between CT plane cuts and limb/tunnel orientation have been previously described [[17]].
3D CT scan is an important adjuvant in a clinical setting, and it has been validated to be the best method for tunnel placement evaluation and for planning a revision cruciate ligament surgery [[18] [20]].
Design methods for segmental tunnel linings used in mechanized tunnel constructions typically employ numerical bedded beam models and/or classical analytical solutions for the determination of structural forces (i.e. moments and shear and axial forces) and simple load spreading assumptions for the design of the reinforcement in joint areas.
A new reliability analysis method for tunnels was developed by integrating an adaptive Radial Basis Function (RBF) metamodeling technique with a First-Order Reliability Method (FORM).
However, current methods for predicting tunnel longitudinal responses to adjacent excavations generally simplify a tunnel as an Euler-Bernoulli beam, which only considers the bending effect and ignores the shearing deformation of jointed tunnels.
