Steam injection is one of the most effective methods for heavy oil recovery (Sun et al. 2017a, b, c).
Strategies for heavy oil desulfurization were evaluated by reviewing desulfurization literature and critically assessing the viability of the various methods for heavy oil.
Methods for heavy oil extraction include steam injection, cold heavy oil production with sand, steam assisted gravity drainage, vapor extraction, Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI) and open-pit mining for extremely sandy and oil-rich deposits.
The conventional methods for heavy metal removal from waste water which includes chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, and solvent extraction are expensive especially for a developing country, such as Nigeria.
The conventional methods for heavy metal removal included chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation or reduction, ion exchange, filtration, electrochemical treatment, reverse osmosis, membrane technologies, and even evaporation recovery [13, 14].
Cold production methods for heavy oil resources in Western Canada yield recovery factors averaging about 10% and as yet, there are no commercially successful technologies to produce oil from these reservoirs with recovery factor greater than 20%.
Ionic liquid extraction is not feasible as desulfurization method for heavy oil.
The sensor could provide an effective detection and analysis method for heavy metal ions.
Thermal methods, specifically steam injection, still dominate as the preferred EOR method for heavy oil reservoirs (Worldwide 2010).
This method was used instead of the SDS method for heavy oils and oils with high asphaltene content.
At present, steam stimulation is an effective thermal recovery method for heavy oils (Hamedi Shokrlu and Babadagli 2014).
