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This is the report of the first workshop on Incorporating In Vitro Alternative Methods for Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) Testing into International Hazard and Risk Assessment Strategies, held in Ispra, Italy, on 19 21 April 2005.
The present investigation utilized a whole embryo culture system and a micromass test that are recommended by European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) as alternative methods for developmental toxicity study.
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Interestingly, Holveck et al. (2008) and our study both obtained the same result regarding the sequential matching of tutor and tutee song as well as all other measures of song structure, although they used different methods for inducing developmental stress.
Risk assessment methods designed specifically for developmental toxicity testing have also been applied.
WW collection from carefully synchronized worms is a useful method for determining developmental stage-dependent changes but places the worms in an environment without food or accumulated pheromones which could influence the release of ascarosides.
Novel contributions Here, we propose an extension of the above method for inferring developmental similarity and differentiation pathways as reflected in the dependence structure of modules of co-expressed genes, regardless of the underlying developmental tree.
The midbrain MM culture assay is a well-accepted method to screen for developmental toxicity of compounds, and was performed according to previously established protocols (Flint and Orton 1984; L'Huillier et al. 2002).
Little is known about effective at-home oral care methods for people with developmental disabilities (DDs) who are unable to perform personal preventive practices themselves and rely on caregivers for assistance.
However, understanding best methods for improving child developmental outcomes – either through nutrition programs or through integrated nutrition + psychosocial stimulation programs (or nutrition + other program interventions) – is a key area of further inquiry.
There are methods for decreasing natural developmental variability of embryos between and within littermates (e.g. short-termed mating of mice), or ensuring a more detailed staging than the chronological one (e.g. by taking into account various morphological criteria of embryos).
On this assumption, we focused on mouse developmental genes defined in the Gene Ontology database (see Methods for the definition of developmental genes) to derive ancestor indexes of individual stages.
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