Learning methods to reconstruct the structure of BNs mostly fall into two categories: score-based methods and constraint-based methods [ 12].
This paper proposes embedding constraint handling methods, which include the gradient repair method and constraint fitness priority-based ranking method, in NM PSO as a special operator to deal with satisfying constraints.
In many engineering applications, like in some medical devices, adhesive bonding is the only method that is acceptable due to the high cost of alternative methods and additional constraints like dissimilarity of the materials to be bonded [4, 5].
Thus there is also a lack of similarities between approaches to quantify perfusion on CMR and PET techniques such as modeling assumptions, fitting methods and parameter constraints (Gerber, 2012).
Survey data were encoded as text strings that were parsed using our custom implementation of the inside-outside algorithm in a publicly-available software package (HyPhy), which uses either expectation maximization or direct optimization methods and permits constraints on model parameters for hypothesis testing.
The reports were then analyzed using a spreadsheet for data extraction that included the methods and their constraints, study groups, behavioral and epidemiological data, study period and location, potential biases, and comments on quality of papers.
Recent molecular dating with multiple nuclear genes (reviewed in [ 42]), though based on different dating methods and time constraints, suggested somewhat younger dates for the divergence of Acrodonta from Pleurodonta (~145 MYA) and the separation into Agamidae and Chamaeleonidae (~85 MYA).
The optimization modules are based on search theory, on gradient search methods and on constraint satisfaction programming.
