Although the main oscillatory behaviors are detectable using these methods, alterations in gene expression such as changes of amplitudes and phase-shifts were not observed, especially because the altered light conditions were applied only for a short period of time.
Protein content was measured using a standard BCA Assay (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and lysates were treated according to manufacturer's instructions, with slight method alteration in the detergent removal step.
As a complementary method, alterations in the structure of actin cytoskeleton were visualized by fluorescent staining of F-actin.
In contrast to visual methods for alteration detection, mathematical models can be used to automatically predict lists of alterations based on certain mathematical assumptions about the data.
The second column lists methods of alteration monitoring ('Paleointensity metadata' section) and the third column lists other monitors or corrections that were incorporated into the paleointensity experiment, such as cooling rate and anisotropy corrections ('Paleointensity metadata' section).
Concomitantly, LSF detected waves of regional blood flow ('CBFIND', indicative of absolute values of cerebral blood flow: please see 'Materials and methods' section) alteration coupled to the depolarizations.
Four independent control constructs were developed by this method through alteration of residues spanning individual CDR domains.
It is notable that the PINT database (Biggin et al., 2010) presents only four paleointensity studies (Juárez et al., 1998; Smirnov and Tarduno, 2003; Tauxe, 2006; Shcherbakova et al., 2007) satisfying modern standards (i.e., the use of the double-heating method with alteration checks) within the time interval 83 72 Ma.
Either a chemical method (intra-articular injection of, for instance, papain [ 21] or sodium iodoacetate [ 22]) or a surgical method (structural alteration to the tendons, muscle, or ligaments [ 23- 25]) was used.
This method classifies alterations as 'drivers' and 'non-drivers' by assigning a cutoff that maximizes the number of known driver genes (genes in CGC) ranking higher than the cutoff).
