Although differences in QALY gains and costs per QALY were high between the three methodologies of cost-utility analysis, they were far below common thresholds in all preoperative utility score groups and with all underlying calculation methodologies [ 21, 46].
The methodology of cost per case estimates differed between countries: a micro-costing approach was used in some countries, while a gross costing approach based on outpatient and hospital financing were used in other countries (full details in Appendix).
The review showed that cost studies adopted different approaches to estimate costs of AD, reflecting a lack of consensus on the methodology of cost studies.
The assessment of outcomes of public health interventions here analysed (such as demand reduction strategies for tobacco and food salt reduction via legislation) has been limited to benefits within the health sector, following the perspective and methodology of cost effectiveness analysis.
The mixed methodology of costing applies bottom-up micro-costing to activities which account for a large share of total costs or to activities for which data collection is reasonably feasible.
The methodology of cost-effectiveness evaluations could be further improved to accommodate different standards and processes between countries.
Therefore, a mixed methodology of costing is recommended (4).
Based on standard methodology of costing of health care services in developing countries, standard questionnaires and analyses were employed in 207 health care facilities representing different trustees (e.g. Government, Faith Based/Nongovernmental, private-for-profit organisations), levels of care and regions (urban, rural).
Other items apply particularly to economic analysis, such as a statement and justification of the economic perspective, the use of sensitivity or incremental analysis, the length of the time horizon, the use of discounting, the methodology for cost estimates and measurements, and the choice of economic model.
The methodology of exergetic cost was used to identify which part of the system generates the most irrerversibilites.
The engineering analysis is based on both the methodology of levelized cost and the pay back period.
