In addition, where this methodological variance does exist, then, according to generalizability theory (Brennan 2001) it should be added to the actual variance of the coefficients across countries (by, for example, increasing the standard errors of the coefficients).
CV total) results from biological and methodological variance.
However, considering the moderate median effect size of 6%, it was hardly surprising that the methodological variance was larger than the observed biological effect of EPO.
6, 7 Instead, our focus was on larger epidemiological studies with well-defined constructs, in order to minimize the methodological variance across the studies.
The unique methodological variance of our approach was to take a collaborative approach to interpreting second order constructs, in order to challenge our individual interpretations.
This includes the case of data processing and analysis adding "post-sampling" costs and also some methodological variance to each collected exposure sample, thus modifying the sizes of c q (equation (4)) and (equation (3)), respectively.
This review addressed the previously mentioned limitations by including large epidemiological studies with high-quality protocols and well-defined constructs in order to minimize the methodological variance across studies, a common concern in the frailty literature.
A few attempts have been made to apply more complicated models, e.g. including crossed (non-nested) components related to the distribution of measurement days among subjects [ 29] or associated with methodological variance [ 11].
For instance, it is generally agreed to introduce a two-fold gene expression difference over reference values as an upper and lower limit to address three different sources of variance, namely methodological, intra-individual, and inter-individual variance.
One of the limitations of this study is that our data did not allow us to examine the variance of methodological choices within China.
