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All trials were critically analyzed and their methodological quality evaluated.
The characteristics of the Japanese studies were examined and their methodological quality evaluated by the standardized quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS) tool.
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A single study of good COSMIN methodological quality evaluating the PA Assessment Tool (PAAT) demonstrated significant test retest reliability (r=0.618, p<0.001).
11 Single studies of good methodological quality each evaluated the RPAQ, 47 PAAT, 43 single-item measure 48 and G-S recall, 49 giving confidence to the demonstrated significant test retest reliability and criterion validity.
Five randomized controlled trials that exhibited agreement among reviewers as shown by a kappa value of >0.80 were included in the study; methodological quality was evaluated using the STROBE statement.
Methodological quality was evaluated using the Detsky index.
Methodological quality was evaluated according to 15 criteria related to study design, measurements, and statistical analysis.
Methodological quality was evaluated using the validated COSMIN (Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments) tool.
Agreement between the two reviewers for the assessment of methodological quality was evaluated using the Cohen's kappa statistic [20].
Methodological quality was evaluated using the PEDro scale.
Risk of bias and methodological quality were evaluated using the PEDro score.
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