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In case of heterogeneity, individual difference between studies may be due to methodological or clinical differences [ 21].
Researchers (nodes) with basic neuroscience, methodological, or clinical backgrounds can connect with each other in the network.
62 Furthermore, they contributed to the development of core outcome measurement sets for methodological or clinical concepts such as MCID and remission.
Strengths of our review include methods to minimize bias, such as a comprehensive literature search, duplicate data abstraction, consideration of important clinical outcomes, and inclusion of additional methodological or clinical information from authors.
Effect sizes for the OR were defined as follows: small effect OR=1 1.25, medium effect OR=1.25 2 and large effect OR≥2. 47 For outcome measures with methodological or clinical heterogeneity, qualitative data synthesis and analysis was performed.
Among the parallel-group trials, authors of 9 included trials [ 21, 23- 30] provided additional methodological or clinical data, and the author of the 10th trial [ 22] informed us that no additional information was available.
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Four of the studies included under this question were excluded from meta-analysis for methodological 12 33 or clinical heterogeneity.
If substantial heterogeneity was identified - clinical, methodological, or statistical - we planned to explore and address heterogeneity in a subgroup analysis or meta-regression.
Heterogeneity, which refers to variability among studies in a systematic review and generally derives from clinical, methodological or statistical diversity [ 8], was assessed by Chi-squared statistics and I-squared statistics [ 13].
However, through subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis we could not find the source of heterogeneity, which suggested that these included studies may be different in either clinical, methodological, or statistical components and the quantitative synthesis.
Heterogeneity, which refers to variability among studies in a systematic review and generally derives from clinical, methodological or statistical diversity [ 35], was assessed by Chi-square statistics and I-square statistics [ 38].
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methodological or technical
methodological or ideological
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methodological or procedural
methodological or healthcare
methodological or conceptual
methodological or statistical
methodological or practical
methodological or theoretical
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methodological or didactic
methodological or stochastic
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