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This is termed phylogenetic incongruence, and may arise from a methodological failure of the inference process or from biological processes, such as horizontal gene transfer, incomplete lineage sorting, and introgression.
For all of the above analysis, due to the uncertainty of whether reporting items coded as unclear represented methodological failure, sensitivity analysis was performed excluding unclear as a code and adding it to the not reported group for all comparisons.
For all of the above analysis, due to the uncertainty of whether reporting items coded as unclear represented methodological failure, sensitivity analysis was performed excluding this code and adding it to the not reported group for all comparisons.
Whether the failure to detect many of the tether subunits is due to methodological failure, based on the extreme sequence divergence of the homologue in question, or whether it is due to true loss, may be difficult to determine.
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From postoperative radiographs, we evaluated the alignment of the AC joint, mechanical and methodological failures, and K-wire migration.
The methodological failures in current nonhuman testing described by Hooijmans and Ioannidis are endemic to the field of toxicology (Hooijmans and Ritskes-Hoitinga 2013; Ioannidis et al. 2014), including inappropriate study designs and inadequate statistical analyses.
He points out common methodological flaws: failure to blind the researchers to what is being tested and who is in a control group, misunderstanding randomization, ignoring the natural process of regression to the mean, the bias toward positive results in publication.
Evaluations identified weaknesses in many published accounts of research, including lack of methodological detail and failure to evidence conclusions.
These strengths were counterbalanced by a poor test-retest reliability and criterion validity of the ASQ, probably because of methodological shortcomings, and failure to demonstrate effects of socio-economic status.
The most common methodological problems were failure to report conflicts of interest, lack of integration of study quality into the conclusions of the review, exclusion of studies based on their publication status, not providing a list of included or excluded studies and not assessing the likelihood of publication bias.
Polling firms introduce lots of "unforced" error into their polls because of the methodological shortcuts, like the failure to call cellphones.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com