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Differences in both environmental and methodological factors are known to alter the RPP estimated significantly, making it difficult to determine whether the underlying pollen productivity does actually vary, and if so, why.
Issues surrounding the comparison of absolute vernier thresholds across different studies are discussed and two important methodological factors are identified: the precise statistical method used to estimate thresholds, and the magnitude, in angular terms, of the smallest spatial offset of the elements of the vernier stimulus which can be displayed.
The latter two methodological factors are of concern because they could have attenuated the estimates of the association between preferences and outcomes and they can be addressed in future research aimed to evaluate the influence of treatment preferences.
These methodological factors are defined by problems of case definition, study design and epidemiological method used [ 5, 6], when determining rates of mental health problems in children and adolescents.
Some studies have based their findings on ASD screening questionnaires, which typically misidentify substantial numbers of children who have other difficulties, but not an ASD. 31 Using strict or less demanding diagnostic criteria, even within a single study where design and methodological factors are invariant, can affect prevalence estimates by up to 4.5 times.
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The influence of various methodological factors was screened by employing a two-level and three-factor (23) full factorial design and using KZK-1, a sericite schist certified reference material (CRM), to find the optimal combination of studied factors and %S.
Biological and methodological factors were identified that might explain significant heterogeneity in effect sizes between cases (Table 1).
The two methodological factors were addressed in the current study.
However, the degree to which these findings are limited by methodological factors is unclear.
5 6 Whether this increase in prevalence over the decades reflects a true increase in incidence or is due to different methodological factors is a matter of debate. 2 5 From the first prevalence studies on autism to the present, few studies have dealt with co-occurring medical conditions, some of which have been reviewed recently.
The most recent meta-analysis of the studies assessing prevalence of depression and PTSD in war-affected populations (including refugees) showed a pattern in which self-report questionnaires on average returned a 10 13%% higher prevalence than structured diagnostic interviews when other methodological factors were taken into account [ 8].
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