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In addition to summarizing available data on the relative benefits and risks of currently available therapies in diverse clinical practice settings, we reviewed designs of ongoing trials and registries, focusing on areas of methodological controversy and uncertainty.
Underpinning the dialectical or methodological controversy between the two Madhyamaka camps lies a deeper ontological and epistemological divide implied within their theories of the two truths, and this in turn is reflected in the different methodological considerations they each deploy.
The applied approach has initiated a methodological controversy between Auffhammer and Vincent (2012) and Feng and Oppenheimer (2012), with the former contesting this causal relationship based on their own statistical estimations.
Besides statistical uncertainty (sampling variation) with regard to costs and effects, every economic evaluation may contain some degree of data imprecision (e.g. resource costs/prices) and methodological controversy (e.g. derivation of utility weights, discount rate), which should be accounted for.
After lengthy methodological controversy over the efficacy of screening for LC, in recent years the results of observational screening with chest computed tomography (CT) in heavy smokers has shown a significant reduction of LC mortality [ 8]; with chest X-ray (CXR) screening the LC mortality reduction was less pronounced but still significant [ 9, 10].
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However, there are many unsolved methodological controversies debated in the literature, such as the choice of perspective.
Although there are several moral and methodological controversies over the use of economic evaluation to guide health resource allocation[ 3, 10, 11], it is increasingly being used in some industrial countries on the grounds that it can inform more explicit and transparent health care coverage decisions[ 12].
The one-hundred and three papers in this special issue highlight the major methodological developments and controversies of fMRI from a first person perspective over the past twenty years.
Newton himself not only engaged in these debates from his very first publication in optics in 1672, his work in both optics and in the Principia generated some of the most significant methodological discussions and controversies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
The nature of its effect creates unique methodological challenges and controversies, including the choice of a placebo and different forms of treatment based on a non-western system of diagnosis.
Other likely contributors to the controversy are methodological differences, especially in relation to analysis.
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