Alternatively, it may be a methodological artifact (the CYP data were collected for January March 2013, during which point a number of PEPFAR facilities had just begun to integrate family planning with HIV).
On the other hand, a number of studies refuted the idea of time dependency based on the methodological artifacts associated with the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach used to estimate evolutionary rates (Emerson 2007; Bandelt 2008; Debruyne and Poinar 2009; Navascues and Emerson 2009).
An alternative explanation for low resolution of relationships on a phylogenetic tree is that, instead of being a consequence of bias or methodological artifacts, it reflects the true evolutionary history of the group.
To confirm that the previously observed paclitaxel-associated spindle multipolarisation in fixed samples were not due to methodological artifacts, we evaluated the real-time effects of paclitaxel in the HME1 cell line stably expressing a histone H2B-green fluorescent protein (GFP).
Clusters #5, #20 and #21 could be methodological "artifacts" arising from the way molecules are represented in KEGG and the way we translate them into atom triplets.
Our data suggest that compression of Kanizsa figure has been overestimated in previous research due to methodological artifacts, and highlight the importance of studying perceptual phenomena by multiple methods.
We addressed other potential methodological artifacts associated with the staining procedure by using formalin instead of methanol as a fixative and found that the number of CK8-positive cells was similar for both treatments.
However, it is also possible that trematodes did increase growth in Sousa's study, but that this went undetected due to methodological artifacts arising from the overdispersed growth characterizing these species.
Dr. Klein said the claims of interbreeding could be "a methodological artifact" in the statistical assumptions on which the geneticists' calculations are based.
Although negative results such as these are frequently dismissed as resulting from methodological artifacts (e.g., not the right environments, not the right fitness surrogates, not long enough time periods, and not the right life-history stage), it is just as reasonable that they reflect real biological phenomena associated with particular adaptive contexts.
