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Cross-validation showed that the method yields unbiased predictions and correctly assesses the prediction accuracy.
The IPWRA method yields unbiased treatment effects under the CIA (conditional independence assumption) hypothesis, which states that, conditional on a set of pre-determined variables, potential treatments are as good as randomly assigned to individuals.
Although in theory the method yields unbiased estimates, the estimation based on 100,000 samples is a huge underestimation.
With quite a few probes in one probeset, the ordinary least squares (OLS) method yields unbiased estimates of N A and N B. The summation of N A and N B gives the total concentration N (See [ 20] and Additional file 1).
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In a simulation study, both methods yielded unbiased population estimates under most conditions.
Both methods yielded unbiased estimates except for total log length, which LIM underestimated in harvested stands.
While all methods yielded unbiased estimates of treatment effect, ignoring centres led to inflation of standard error and loss of statistical power when within centre correlation was present.
Thus, as long as the intensive method yields an unbiased estimate, the DS will provide unbiased population estimates even when the rapid technique has a low probability of detection.
A necessary condition for the DS method to provide an unbiased estimate of the total population is that the intensive method yields an unbiased estimate of the total number of birds in units surveyed.
Like the DS method, the DO method will yield unbiased estimates of the entire population only if all individuals have the potential to be observed with the survey techniques.
Here, we give an explicit expression for a correction factor which, combined with estimates from the temporal method, yield approximately unbiased estimates.
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