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Underestimated ENP production could have caused our method to underestimate aquatic exposure.
Large PVE at the boundary between water and air caused APDI method to underestimate scatter contributions.
The τ values from DnaSP suggested more recent population expansions compared to estimates by ARLEQUIN, which conforms to a previously reported tendency of the moment method to underestimate the true values [ 49].
This increase, however, was neither substantial nor accompanied by a change in the ratio between β and δ, and probably compensated the slight tendency of the GT-ST Rec method to underestimate rates as observed in the simulation study (supplementary fig. S4, Supplementary Material online).
Because tobacco companies are using less tobacco per cigarette than in previous years and sales of informal cigarettes are not always reported (such as bidis, which are thought to deliver higher smoke content than normal cigarettes), 44 the same tobacco demand could indicate a rise in the actual number of smokers, causing our method to underestimate the risk of tuberculosis.
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Additionally, the risks posed by climate change can further exacerbate the tendency for NPV methods to underestimate true conversion thresholds.
Quantitative comparison of individual expression levels obtained by the two methods indicates that the RNA array method tends to underestimate fold changes.
The Demirjian method tends to overestimate age and the Nolla method tends to underestimate it, leading to the importance of forming regression equations adapted to the population studied.
Within relation to Liao and Zhang's method, when x = 0.95 and x = 0.99, Essien et al.'s method tended to underestimate and overestimate the ECs respectively; Dutilh et al.'s method tended to underestimate the ECs and ICC tended to overestimate the ECs, though ICC had a comparable standard deviation to that obtained by Liao and Zhang's method.
The Demirjian method tends to overestimate chronological age and the Nolla method tended to underestimate it, although the differences were less in relation to real age.
The Demirjian et al. method tends to overestimate the real age of participants and the Nolla method tends to underestimate it.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com