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This is largely the result of method standardisation and maintaining parametric parity.
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However, bias due to lack of between-method standardisation and high variability of measurement between methods is likely [ 101, 102].
The qualification and technical validation of imaging biomarkers pose unique challenges in that the accuracy, methods, standardisations and reproducibility are strictly monitored.
4 The indirect method of standardisation was used to determine the standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for this cohort.
The method allows standardisation to be performed where the direct method would give unreliable results.
The indirect method of standardisation was used for internal comparisons[ 15].
This method of standardisation, which has been used before, uses 20 mg of enalapril as reference dose [ 15].
The direct method of standardisation was used and the WHO world population was used as the standard population.
We used the direct method of standardisation as described by Beaghole et al 28 for standard Portuguese population.
Mortality rates were adjusted for age by using the direct method of standardisation, using the European Standard Population as the reference population.
We used the indirect method of standardisation, taking the combined NF and reference cohorts as the standard population.
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