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Results show that pre-cracking method, sample thickness and sample processing method affect the obtained results within 5% statistical significance level and that 'rougher' pre-cracking methods affects the results by increasing data dispersion.
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The disadvantage of the method is that sample thickness for aqueous biological systems is limited to a few micrometers in transmission or attenuated total reflection (ATR) measurements.
The effects of EPR-g-MA content, ligament length, method of fracture surface measurement, sample thickness and fracture position in the molded bar on the fracture behavior were investigated.
As the layer of buffer becomes thinner and thinner, however, the air water interface must eventually touch the particle, as shown in B. Unfortunately, there currently are not known methods to reliably control the sample thickness once it is in the range desired for cryo-EM.
With accurate estimation of the sample thickness, picosecond acoustic methods may thus yield the most direct measurements of V P. Selected measurements of the compressional sound velocity as a function of density are shown in Figure 6.
The reason is that the investigation method is close to its geometrical limit: the sample thickness of 20 nm is very small to extract a well-evaluable SIMS depth profile on a good mixed conducting oxide such as LSC.
Similarly, if the sample thickness changes linearly over the reference region, our method may fit a small amount of erroneous axial coma under some circumstances.
In order to optimize the values of energy and sample thickness to get a proper sensitivity for the X-ray method, a maximum in the differences of the grey-scale intensity (DGS) between the extreme samples has to be calculated.
These normalization methods also overcome the variations in the FTIR spectra due to inconsistent sample thickness.
The ideal sample thickness for LA-ICP-MS is 20 30 μm, and well-defined methods for quantification have been established.
Moreover, with the increase of sample thickness, the shielding effectiveness is also enhanced.
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