A few "dry" synthetic methods including vapor transport, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and annealing have been reported.
They are produced by various methods including vapor-phase transport [5], chemical vapor deposition [8], arc discharge [9], laser ablation [6], solution [10] and template-based method [11].
(1) and (2) includes vapor movement.
The methods for nanoscale ZnO production include vapor deposition, precipitation, the microemulsion method, the sol-gel process, and hydrothermal synthesis [1, 4, 7, 13].
Common methods to crystallize proteins include vapor diffusion, batch crystallization, and seeding.
ZnO nanosheets with or without branched structures have been synthesized by various methods, including chemical vapor deposition [9, 17], thermal evaporation [18], and hydrothermal methods [23].
ZnO thin films have been grown by different methods including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), magnetron sputtering, spray pyrolysis, pulsed laser deposition, chemical beam deposition, and evaporation [15 21].
Several methods, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [16], arc discharge [17], epitaxial growth on SiC [18], chemical conversion, liquid phase exfoliation, and sequential oxidation reduction of graphite, have been reported [19].
To obtain 1D ZnO materials, there are several methods including physical vapor phase growth that required high temperature and chemical approaches working at low temperature, in which hydrothermal synthesis is a good chemical approach for the synthesis of ZnO nanowire arrays (NWs) by fabricating ZnO seeds with the morphology of thin films or nanoparticles on substrates firstly[15, 16].
In this review, we summarize the different processing routes of the composites based on the UHTC introducing methods, including chemical vapor infiltration/deposition (CVI/D), precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP), reactive melt infiltration (RMI), slurry infiltration (SI), in-situ reaction, hot pressing (HP), etc; and the advantages and drawbacks of each method are briefly discussed.
