For instance, this technique has been shown to be a successful method for tunnel positioning in contemporary MPFL reconstructions [77] and lateral collateral ligament reconstructions [41].
Although the 2D CT method for tunnel enlargement evaluation is commonly used, its limitations regarding alignment between CT plane cuts and limb/tunnel orientation have been previously described [[17]].
3D CT scan is an important adjuvant in a clinical setting, and it has been validated to be the best method for tunnel placement evaluation and for planning a revision cruciate ligament surgery [[18] [20]].
Furthermore, our research team proposed the optimization design method for tunnel heat insulation and anti-freezing by using geothermal energy and presented the challenges for future applications of the ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system in tunnels.
The new approach facilitates as well the implementation, from one side, of the probabilistic approach for managing the inherent uncertainty and variability of rock mass properties and, from the other, of the RMi system as empirical method for tunnel design.
This article recommends an assessment method for tunnel deformation, defined by the maximum extension and maximum contraction of the tunnel diameter and their associated axes with respect to the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively.
