Among them, domestic scholars especially Liang LI and their teams used signal fusion method [8, 9], double cubature kalman filter method [10], and observer [11] to estimate the road friction coefficient.
Figures 10 and 11 show the performance of the proposed method and human observer in counting the number of parasites in the 40 images, while Figures 12 and 13 show their performance in nucleus counting.
We calculated the bias and SDD for each method and each observer relative to DSA measurements.
Several measures have been used to strengthen the consistency of the findings, including member checking, methods triangulation and observer triangulation.
The control development is based on Lyapunov's direct method and disturbance observers.
This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of the direct observation method and perfect inter-observer concordance for monitoring the consumption of tobacco and number of passengers under 14 years of age (simple inter-observer agreement of 100% and κ coefficient=1.0).
Despite method and cut-off, observer A classified more dogs as hypoplastic in comparison with the two other observers.
In a related study on the changes in the parameter estimates, Umeno et al. [7] proposed a method of estimating the air pressure in tires by using the recursive least square (RLS) method and a disturbance observer.
Therefore, we proposed a method of estimating the change in the friction force by measuring the total insertion force during needle insertion using recursive least square method and a disturbance observer.
Based on the cone complementarity linearization method [22], the controller and observer gains can be obtained by the following nonlinear minimization problem subject to (16): left { textstylebegin{array}l} operatorname{Min} {operatorname{Tr}(sum_{i=1}^{N}(P_{i}G_{i}))}, {bigl[}{scriptsizebegin{matrix} P_{i}&I cr ast&G_{i} end{matrix}}bigr]geq0, quad iin{1,2,ldots,N}.
