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Retarding the spark timing increases the formaldehyde emission and decreases the unburned methanol emissions.
The effects of methanol injection timing, spark timing, and excess air ratio on formaldehyde and unburned methanol emissions were analyzed experimentally by measurement method of GCLS.
A sampling system to collect exhaust emissions of a methanol engine by means of a sampling bag and an absorber was designed to absorb formaldehyde and unburned methanol emissions with deionized pure water.
The three measurement methods of GCLC, GCLS and LCLS proved suitable and reliable to separate and measure the formaldehyde and unburned methanol emissions from a direct-injection spark-ignition methanol engine.
Three novel measurement methods that combine gas chromatography and liquid chromatography (GCLC), gas chromatography and the light spectrum (GCLS), and liquid chromatography and light spectrum (LCLS) were used to separate and measure formaldehyde and unburned methanol emissions.
For methanol emissions, site identity and photosynthetically active radiation were the most important main effects.
Similar(34)
The formaldehyde emission decreases rapidly and the unburned methanol emission increases significantly with an increasing excess air ratio.
Our study shows that the controls of plant growth on the production, and thus the methanol emission magnitude, and stomatal conductance on the hourly methanol emission variability, established at the leaf level, hold across sites at the ecosystem-level.
Management activities in agriculture and forestry are shown to increase local methanol emission by orders of magnitude; they are however neglected at present in global budgets.
The magnitude of methanol deposition thus clearly influences the observed fraction of GPP that is lost as methanol emission and limits the usefulness of GPP for up-scaling the net methanol exchange.
In contrast, no significant correlation between the net methanol flux to GPP ratio was found with GPP itself (data not shown), suggesting no relationship between site productivity and the fraction of GPP that is lost as net methanol emission.
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