However, the data show very large spatial variability between and within landscape units, reflecting the steep topographic and meteorological gradients in the island.
A lower frequency limit for ground-based detection is, in practice, dictated by seismic noise, and yet more fundamentally by 'gravity gradient noise': geophysical, meteorological, and man-made motions of large masses.
The thirty six years (1979-2014) meteorological data needed to calculate refractivity gradient is obtained from Era interim build on IFS CY31r2 model.
High suppression of side lobes is not required in some other non-meteorological radar, but is important for meteorological radar, because weather phenomena can have significant reflectivity gradients, and ground clutter echo can be between 35 and 55 dB much larger than medium rain.
During high discharge, the estuarine salinity distribution compresses, and variability in salinity from tidal and meteorological forcing increases at any particular point due to the sharper salinity gradient.
Meteorological data collected during the gas-exchange measurement period along the elevation gradient (Fig. 2) were consistent with these long-term measurements.
We did not accounted for the sharp pollutant gradients anticipated near roads, effects of wind direction and other meteorological variables affecting dispersion, roads other than primary and secondary roads, and the specific traffic densities of the roads.
South foehn is a typical Alpine meteorological phenomenon characterized by south to north advection and is caused by a strong pressure gradient across the Alps that leads to a descending air stream northward (Seibert 1990).
An obvious systematic error in the simulations may originate from the linear interpolation of the meteorological input data from one meteorological station (below the catchment outlet), by using linear altitudinal gradients for precipitation and temperature (PCALT, TCALT).
The effects of space-time variations of pressure and temperature may not be significant to estimate GPS-derived PWV for meteorological phenomena with horizontal scales larger than several tens of kilometers, with relatively small horizontal gradients in pressure and temperature, as it is the case for this work.
