Cytoplasmic vacuolization and the increased level of electron-dense granules in vacuoles can be thought of as a detoxification pathway for preventing cell damage and retaining the metal in specific vacuoles [ 26].
Such an approach could be used to trap metal sensors to permit monitoring of metal homeostasis in specific subsets of cells in intact multicellular organisms.
Zinc is one of the required metals in a specific amount; however, its high concentration may produce toxic effects in living organism [ 1, 2].
Estimation of speciation of a specific metal in a specific environmental setting and to design speciation and toxicological experiments requires accurate knowledge of the functional groups in NOM.
As can be seen there, the metal deposition is homogeneously distributed due to the constant rotation of the sample holder that prevents the concentration of metal atoms in specific areas of the sample.
Second, like many metals, rhenium occurs naturally in specific pockets.
Now, functional parts can be printed directly in specific metal powders using similar layer-by-layer techniques.
The in situ application of granular iron (Fe0) has become popular for the destruction of halogenated organic compounds and for the immobilization of specific metals in groundwater.
It was demonstrated in our previous articles that phosphate and sulphate functional groups substituted in the backbone of polyethylenimine act as strong adsorption sites for removing specific metals in solution (Saad et al. 2012a, b).
Powder metallurgy techniques, in specific the metal injection moulding (MIM) process, have been employed for the fabrication of controlled porous structures used for dental and orthopaedic surgical implants.
