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Metals can generate free radicals via the Fenton-type reactions that react with cellular macromolecules and induce oxidative stress [ 63].
Indeed, several transition metals can generate reactive oxygen species in biologic fluids at physiologic pH, but this does not explain why the relatively weak redox-active Ni II) is as good a carcinogen as the oxidatively very active Cr VI).
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We focused our analyses of exposure response relationships on key transition metals that can generate reactive oxygen species by Fenton-type reactions: vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn).
Using the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 as the host, we have performed a thorough multidisciplinary analysis of the global responses of photosynthetic cells to cadmium (Cd), as well as to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and noxious concentrations of the essential metals iron and zinc because the disturbance of metal homeostasis can generate oxidative stress [ 9].
It was found that unloading of the metal-composite plates, which were first subjected to the plastic flow within metal layers, can generate even higher stresses and higher equivalent plastic strains, than during the loading phase.
Recently we showed that electron beam irradiation of self-spreading polymer-encapsulated precious metal complexes can generate in situ-doped graphenic surfaces on which the dynamics of single metal atoms can be studied in real time using an aberration-corrected high resolution electron microscope.
Thin-film metal thermocouple can generate a similar thermopower given similar film thicknesses.
These devices have come under scrutiny over the last few years because they are part of a category of implants called metal-on-metal bearings, which can generate debris from wear, causing inflammation and tissue damage in certain patients.
Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), which are associated with collective oscillations of free electrons at a metal-dielectric interface, can generate large field confinement in an extremely small volume.
This shows that the photoluminescence background from the microsphere remains negligible, in clear contrast to metal nanostructures that can generate a huge amount of photoluminescence [ 20].
They are able to induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Redox-active metals can directly generate ROS via Fenton like reactions and the Haber-Weiss cycle (Stohs and Bagchis 1995Sharma and Dietz 2009).
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