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However, not all heavy metals are capable of inducing PC synthesis such as cobalt or manganese (Grill et al. 1987).
These metals are capable of bioaccumulation and bio-magnification, resulting to morbidity and often mortality in living organisms (Ayotunde et al. 2011; Ada et al. 2012).
In the presence of ligands, metals are capable of bonding to form metal complexes of variable strength, keeping metals in solution and affecting metal availability when treatments are to be applied.
Metals are capable of forming insoluble complex compounds with soil organic matter, and contents of Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn are dependent on the pH of soil solution and soil organic matter (Kim and Kim 1999).
In the reverse sense, metals are capable of ligand scavenging via complexation or mixed complex formation--the latter being the result of interaction with binary complexes.
A growing amount of data provide evidence that metals are capable of interacting with nuclear proteins and DNA, causing oxidative deterioration of biological macromolecules [ 6, 7].
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Specificity in such probes is encoded by the fact that only a certain metal (or small subset of metals) is capable of mediating the reaction.
Fungi have chitin in their walls which can tolerate high concentrations of metals and are capable of growing on medium at low pH and temperature exhibiting excellent mycoremediation potential.
Furthermore, particles can serve as carriers for organic chemicals and metals that are capable of localizing in mitochondria and generating ROS directly in mitochondria leading to skin aging by mitochondrial damage.
While this quenching property means that most metal ions are capable of directly modulating fluorescence emission, it also poses a challenge in distinguishing between different metals if multiple metals capable of quenching are present in a complex sample.
Most of these metal transporters are capable of transporting one or several divalent cations including Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ (Narayanan et al. 2007).
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