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They offer various advantages [1, 2] over traditional metallic implants, such as the ability to engineer them to provide an optimum degradation profile, a reduced need for implant removal, and less distortion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Due to high photon absorption, metallic implants such as dental fillings or hip prosthetics, generate streaking artefacts on CT images[ 9, 10 ].
These include infections and open skin lesions at the target treatment area, active severe or cystic acne, and the presence of active metallic implants such as pacemakers or defibrillators in the treatment area.
It is possible to perform modern musculoskeletal CT at sub-mSv doses, but the possibility of using such low doses with metallic implants such as hip arthroplasties has yet not been shown.
Artifacts may preclude diagnostic evaluation of structures adjacent to metallic implants such as the distal ureter in the case of hip prosthesis and cerebrovascular structures in the case of neurosurgical clips [ 1– 4].
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Such combinations are commonly based upon a permanent metallic implant (such as stainless steel or titanium) and are then coated with a drug-eluting polymer or ceramic system.
Bioresorbable phosphate glass fibre reinforced polyester composites have been investigated as replacement for some traditional metallic orthopaedic implants, such as bone fracture fixation plates.
Overall, the current findings open a new venue for the production of metallic implants with enhanced biocompatibility, such that the adhesion and viability of the cells surrounding an implant can be optimized by tailoring the surface relief of the material, which is dictated by the micro-deformation mechanism activities facilitated by plastic deformation imposed by machining.
For example, metallic implants are encountered in endoprosthesis (such as total hip joint replacements) and artificial teeth sockets because the requirements for a sufficient mechanical stability necessitate the use of a metallic body for such devices.
The presence of metallic implants can lead to artefacts, such as metallic halation and beam hardening [ 20– 23].
The exclusion criteria consisted of the usual CMR contraindications, such as ferromagnetic metallic implants like defibrillators.
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