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On the other hand, metal utilization for hydrogen production has also been identified as an effective, user-friendly, and safe approach [9].
In addition to the enhanced noble metal utilization, Ru@PtxPdy/C catalyst also shows improved stability as evidenced by chronoamperometric evaluations.
This observation features a synergy between the highly dispersed Pt and Ir clusters in the catalysis, besides the enhanced noble metal utilization efficiency.
The TiO2 C hybrid material with reduced micropore volume was found an excellent support for noble catalysts, such as Pt and Pd nanoparticles, where their insertion into carbon micropores during synthesis were prevented, thus leading to improved metal utilization.
It discharged at a constant current of 1.0 mA for 1500 min (two "mechanical recharge discharge" cycles), and relative flat discharge voltage plateaus of ~ 2.5 V were observed, with an average lithium metal utilization in the cell of 82.0%.
Biological metal utilization has been driven, at least in part, by availability.
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In the second experiment, we determined whether a mutation in ParC Ser80 of E. coli topoisomerase IV altered metal ion utilization by ciprofloxacin.
While the metal ion utilization for 8-methyl-3′- AM P-dione closely resembled that seen with the wild-type enzyme, ciprofloxacin required higher levels of Mg2+ to support DNA cleavage.
In terms of metal ion utilization by PrimPol, the decrease in the Kd,DNA and the increase in the kcat for Mn2+ relative to Mg2+ are what drives the preference for Mn2+ (Table 3).
Other construction strategies are the use of thiolated lipids that covalently immobilize lipid membrane to metal substrate and utilization of a polymer cushion that tethers lipid membrane and forms an ionic reservoir for functional integration of receptors.
Our results suggest that attention to reducing the environmental risks of heavy metals in sludge utilization as landscape soil-amendments should not only be paid to controlling the application dosage of sludge but also to planting suitable plant species.
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