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Acid sites can be created by sulfated or tungstated ZrO2 and co-supported metals, e.g., Ni, provide bi-functional sites for hydrolysis (acid function) and hydrogenation (metal function) required for biomass processing in liquid water at temperatures in the range of 200°C.
The fraction of Ge deposited on the metal function is in strong interaction with Ru, so that its metallic activity is significantly modified.
Temperature programmed reduction and cyclohexane dehydrogenation were used to characterize the activity of the metal function.
Metal particle sintering at 650 °C modified the metal function severely and Pt was segregated from the other components.
All the rejuvenation treatments (Cl, air and high temperature) were unable to restore the original state of the metal function.
n-C7 dehydrocyclization was used as a test of the combined action of the acid and metal function.
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The metal functions deactivated faster than the acid functions for all the catalysts loaded with platinum, irrespective of the method used.
However, deactivation of the acid and metal functions caused the C1/C3 ratio to decrease rapidly, indicating a change in the balance between the two functions with TOS that may be due to the deposition of coke on both functions.
The variation in C1/C3 mass ratio with TOS for the three catalysts at constant reaction conditions is shown in Fig. 19, with both the acid and metal functions being initially active and deactivated rapidly as indicated by the C1/C3 ratio.
The variation in C1/C3 mass ratio with TOS at various reaction temperatures is shown in Fig. 17, where the acid and metal functions were initially active at the temperatures of 210 and 230 °C, meaning that constant C1/C3 ratios were obtained.
This redox-active transition metal functions in enzyme catalysis, electron-transfer processes, and small-molecule binding and activation.
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