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It sucked up the contents of telephone calls and e-mails, as well as their "metadata" logs.
The first was the revelation that the N.S.A. is keeping a huge database of domestic communications "metadata" — logs of all phone calls Americans have dialed or received.
A separate N.S.A. program that has been collecting domestic "telephone metadata" — logs of all telephone calls dialed by Americans — has continued.
The agency began amassing databases of "metadata" — logs of all telephone calls collected from the major carriers and similar data on e-mail traffic.
And it shows how agencies beyond the N.S.A. use metadata — logs of the date, duration and phone numbers involved in a call, but not the content — to analyze links between people through programs regulated by an inconsistent patchwork of legal standards, procedures and oversight.
In one case in 2008 that was not reported to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court or Congress, it said, the system collected metadata logs about a "large number" of calls dialed from Washington – something it was already doing through a different program – because of a programming error mixing up the district's area code, 202, with the international dialing code of Egypt, 20.
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Lawmakers and administration officials who support the phone program defended it in part by noting that it was only for "metadata" — like logs of calls sent and received — and did not involve listening in on people's conversations.
After all, most people who use the internet and mobile phones have no idea about how any of this stuff works and so may be naive about the implications of state agencies being able to scoop up everybody's email metadata, call logs, click streams, friendship networks and so on.
This "smartification" of everyday life follows a familiar pattern: there's primary data – a list of what's in your smart fridge and your bin – and metadata – a log of how often you open either of these things or when they communicate with one another.
The metadata consists of logs of information like the date and duration of calls and the phone numbers involved in a call.
The Obama administration-supported measure, a priority for the bureau before the 12 June massacre at an LGBT nightclub, would have allowed the FBI vast access to internet metadata, including messaging logs, account logins, browser histories and email records, all without a warrant, by using a kind of nonjudicial subpoena known as a national security letter.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com