P450 metabolizes in addition to xenobiotics a large number of physiologically important substances including cholesterol, FAs, steroids, prostaglandins, and bile acids.
Lactoferrin acts by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, and modulating carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, in addition to its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties [ 113].
Memory cells are catabolic, able to metabolize fatty and amino acids in addition to glucose, and depend on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to generate ATP [ 9] (Table 1).
In addition to metabolizing enzymes, a large number of transporters were also identified.
In addition, mice metabolized more of the benzene by pathways leading to the putative toxic metabolites, benzoquinone and muconaldehyde, than did rats.
In addition, Cyp26b1 metabolizes retinoic acid, including "all trans" retinoic acid, a process thought to contribute to regulation of spatial patterning during neurogenesis [ 129- 131] and neuroplasticity [ 132, 133].
In addition to metabolizing environmental carcinogens (for example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), CYP1A1 has high activity with the 17β-estradiol substrate [ 25, 26].
27 In addition to metabolizing ticagrelor, CYP3A4 is also the primary hepatic enzyme involved in the conversion of prasugrel to its active metabolite and is also the main enzyme involved in the second step of clopidogrel's activation.
In addition to metabolizing glucocorticoids, 11βHSD1 can catalyze the inter-conversion of 7-keto- and 7β-hydroxy-sterols and steroids (Fig. 1a) (e.g. 7-oxygenated metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone [7] and highly cytotoxic cholesterol metabolites, the 7-oxysterols [8,9]).
In addition, macrophages can metabolize placental lactogen [16] and may participate in regulation of concentrations of this hormone at the fetal-maternal interface.
