Importantly, we can show that STAT3 plays an important role as a master metabolic regulator also in STAT3-dependent human cancer cell lines, offering new insights into its core role as a transcription factor in human cancer.
These results indicate that in addition to the quorum-sensing system regulation, the metabolic regulators may also affect the expression level of Hcp.
Several metabolic regulators are also misexpressed in polarity-deficient tissues, including Drosophila Lactate Dehydrogenase (ImpL3), which contributes to a Warburg-like metabolic shift in human tumors (Cairns et al., 2011); however, ImpL3 knockdown also did not obviously alter neoplastic growth (data not shown).
Similarly to PPARγ, there is an accumulating body of data suggesting that PPARα is not exclusively a metabolic regulator, but also have potent anti-inflammatory activities.
PKM2 on the other hand is also a metabolic regulator and is also reported to be involved in channelization of glucose carbons to biosynthetic processes and hence control glycolysis.
Not only did OA inhibit glucose metabolism via two p53-related metabolic regulators, TIGAR and SCO2, but it also induced dissociation of HKII from the mitochondria through SIRT3.
Besides their well-characterized functions in cholesterol homoeostasis and nutrient absorption, bile acids are also important metabolic regulators and function as signaling hormones by activating specific nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, and multiple signaling pathways.
The effects of high levels of resveratrol may be through activation of Ser/Thr kinase AMPK, a known metabolic regulator that is also activated by CR or other targets and pathways known to be activated by resveratrol treatment [ 29].
Our data also add credibility to our proposal that the set of unusual properties described here may represent the binding mode of the ancestral insulin, which may have been more of a mitogen than a metabolic regulator (22) as also proposed by Chan and Steiner (68).
Resident adipose tissue immune cells have also been shown to act as local metabolic regulators through the release of factors that alter adipocyte metabolism and differentiation [ 100, 104, 105].
