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It is clear that the wide variety of cellular metabolic functions regulated by the ubiquitin / proteasome system may affect the chicken host response to Salmonella.
The continuous and varied exposure of liver to xenobiotics often makes it absorb toxins from the intestinal tract resulting in a variety of hepatic damage which is associated with distortion of many metabolic functions regulated by liver [ 1, 2].
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Metabolic functions are regulated in part by the enzymes catalyzing the reactions, which in turn are determined partly by their gene expression levels.
Although expression levels are low in liver it exerts a significant metabolic function by regulating acetyl-CoA pools at the crossroads of anabolic and catabolic pathways [ 11].
In addition, 29 of the 41 significantly regulated genes with putative metabolic functions were up-regulated, perhaps indicating a shift in the metabolic state of the cell to support virus replication [19].
miR-122 is highly-expressed in the developing and in the adult liver (Fig. 2 and [31]) and regulates metabolic functions in the adult liver such as lipid metabolism [51] and cholesterol biosynthesis [52].
More recently, non-canonical functions for Stat3 have been identified including non-tyrosine phosphorylated Stat3 mediating transcriptional activation, non-tyrosine phosphorylated Stat3 binding to stathmin a microtubule associated protein and regulating migration, non-tyrosine phosphorylated Stat3 regulating metabolic functions in the mitochondria leading to Ras-dependent transformation [ 10- 12].
Growth hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates linear growth and regulates metabolic functions.
The hypothalamus is a complex structure constituted of anatomically distinct nuclei that work in a coordinate fashion to regulate metabolic functions.
Moreover, non-tyrosine phosphorylated Stat3 was demonstrated to regulate metabolic functions in the mitochondria leading to Ras-dependent transformation [ 20].
Moreover, Stat3 has recently been shown to support malignant transformation by regulating metabolic functions in mitochondria (Gough et al, 2009).
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