Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) by either a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or bilateral orchiectomy improves disease-related outcomes of men with prostate cancer but has a variety of adverse metabolic effects including obesity, increased abdominal girth, increased triglycerides, and insulin resistance.
In turn, increased O2− levels can trigger a number of metabolic effects, including protein and membrane oxidation, induction of antioxidant enzymes and inactivation of [4Fe-4S] clusters from certain dehydratases [5] [9].
In conclusion, we have shown that EPO when expressed in supra-physiological levels has substantial metabolic effects including protection against diet-induced obesity and normalisation of glucose sensitivity associated with a shift to increased fat metabolism in the muscles.
Besides Ca2+ signaling, the binding of GLP-1 to its receptor also results in the activation of protein kinase-B (PKB/Akt) [27], [28], [29] and PKB activation in other cell types has been linked to various metabolic effects, including glucose transport in muscle [30] glycogen synthesis [31] and lipolysis [32].
This results in diverse metabolic effects including glycogen accumulation in the liver, kidneys and intestine, hypoglycaemia, hyperuricaemia and lactic acidosis.
AMPK has several important metabolic effects, including increasing muscle glucose uptake [ 4, 5] and ameliorating insulin resistance [ 6].
28 Its metabolic effects include a reduction of hepatic lipid and glucose synthesis, leading to reduced levels of circulating glucose and FFAs, in addition to increasing glucose uptake and glucose and FA oxidation in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs), such as olanzapine (OLZ), are associated with metabolic side effects, including hyperglycemia.
Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs), including olanzapine (OLZ), are commonly associated with metabolic side effects including overeating, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and obesity.
However, treatment with antipsychotic medication is also a contributory factor, not least because of the metabolic side effects, including weight gain.
Atypical antipsychotics: Atypical antipsychotics are associated to varying degrees with weight gain, diabetes, and other metabolic side effects, including alterations in glucose and lipid levels [ 109- 116].
