It has been demonstrated that G6PDH ablation has deleterious metabolic consequences, including the impairment of hydrogen peroxide detoxification [80].
However, although promoting lipolysis in adipose tissue and gluconeogenesis in liver may promote survival in times of acute stress or starvation, in the longer term, prolonged exposure to excess glucocorticoids may be maladaptive, with adverse metabolic consequences including the development of Type 2 diabetes (7, 41).
Although increases in WAT mass and adipocyte volume have broad metabolic consequences including reduced mitochondrial function and increased ER stress [32,33], microarray studies in WAT of Atgl−/− mice revealed only moderate changes in the levels of transcripts associated with identifiable biological processes [34].
A major cluster of obesity-related metabolic consequences include altered concentrations of circulating adipocytokines and development of insulin resistance including hyperinsulinaemia and impaired glucose metabolism [ 11].
This change is clinically important since boys and girls with severe obesity are very likely to (i) remain obese into adulthood [ 3] and (ii) suffer from adverse metabolic health consequences including an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and the metabolic syndrome [ 4, 5].
Early life undernutrition during this famine led to various adult metabolic and mental consequences including atherogenic plasma lipid profile, obesity, and CVD, as well as depression and schizophrenia [ 74– 76].
3 Being overweight in childhood is associated with adverse consequences, including metabolic abnormalities, increased risk of type II diabetes and musculoskeletal and psychological problems.
This greater effort leads to several consequences, including a change in metabolic activity, lower growth rate, lower viability, and lower productivity (Sauer et al. 2008).
Although the expression of DMT1 in high BMR mice was not measured, the strong positive correlation between Fe and Cd accumulation suggests that high metabolic rate contributes to increased risk of cellular toxicity and its consequences, including cancer.
Obesity during pregnancy has also been associated with metabolic and birth complications (e.g. gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and preterm labour), which can cause health consequences, including overweight, in the offspring 25.
This can have serious consequences, including pneumonia.
