Metabolic changes include hypoxia, altered cell metabolism (e.g., glucose utilization), disrupted energy levels and utilization (leading to ionic imbalance, excitotoxicity, etc)., enhanced inflammatory activity, and increased systemic hormonal secretion [ 43, 44].
The ultimate effect of these metabolic changes include damage to the ECM, loss of ECM components (especially proteoglycan), and alteration of the normal balance of catabolic and anabolic processes that regulate cartilage ECM composition.
TNKS1-deficient mice exhibit various metabolic changes including abnormality in glucose metabolism, and TNKS2−/− mice show growth retardation.
Insulin resistance is implicated in several potential adverse metabolic changes, including disturbances in insulin and glucose metabolism, which can affect energy supply and blood flow [ 4].
Long-term CT-related cardiovascular toxicity may result from acute direct endothelial damage or from indirect long-term CT-induced hormonal and metabolic changes, including liver and gut damage, thereby affecting lipid uptake, transport, and metabolism over a period of many years.
These metabolic changes, including the considerable enhancements in respiratory capacity, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial biogenesis, result in the differentiation of central memory and prolonged survival of CAR-T cells (Kawalekar et al., 2016).
The key metabolic changes included elevated glucose levels, reduced lactate and acetate levels and a decrease in pH [8].
Conserved metabolic changes included increases in the levels of specific amino acids and polyols and decreases in organic acids, most of them recognized as salt-responsive metabolites that may act as compatible solutes or to compensate for ionic imbalance [32].
Critical illness is associated with many endocrine and metabolic changes, including changes in the glucose homeostasis [ 1- 7].
This situation may have led to a number of metabolic changes, including, for example, an increase in circulating estradiol levels.
Metabolic changes, including bone mineral mobilization and alterations in calcium-regulating hormones, also occur during lactation (2, 3).
