Sentence examples for messengers to activate from inspiring English sources

DAG and IP3 are second messengers to activate PKC.

Upon binding to double-stranded RNA or double-stranded DNA, OAS proteins and cGAS produce nucleotide second messengers to activate RNase L and STING (stimulator of interferon genes, gene symbol: TMEM173), respectively; this leads to the initiation of antiviral responses.

GSH depletion and ROS generation (oxidative stress) are known to act as second messengers to activate diverse redox-sensitive signalling cascades including mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic cascade through interaction with Bcl-2 family proteins [ 20, 28].

Normally, PI3Ks catalyze formation of the lipid products 3,4-diphosphate phosphatidylinositol (PI 3,4 P2) and 3,4,5-triphosphate phosphatidylinositol (PI 3,4,5 P3), both of which act as second messengers to activate the downstream signaling molecules protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and glycogen synthesis kinase-3 β (GSK-3 β).

Adipose NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as important intracellular second messengers to activate many downstream signaling molecules that modulate endothelial function, pathological growth and migration of vascular cells, expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and modification of extracellular matrix [ 36– 36].

PIP3 acts as a second messenger to activate pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-containing proteins, including AKT.

The increased ceramide serves as a second messenger to activate JNK in stressful conditions.

Ca2+ can act as secondary messenger to activate the expression of cascade components of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).

The increased Ca2+ concentration then functions as a secondary messenger to activate downstream signaling pathways that eventually fine-tunes the cell cycle.

Soon after this, 2′3′-cGAMP was found as a product of cGAMP synthase cGAS in mammals, which serves as a second messenger to activate the innate immunity by pathogenic DNA.

The authors found that the accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER lumen is sufficient to produce ROS and suggested that unfolded protein in the ER lumen signalsROS production as a second messenger to activate the UPR and induce apoptosis [ 32].