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The interaction between the timing inaccuracy in NTP and the message network delay has some important implications for the real-world performance of the protocol.
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In addition, the proposed CPF approaches are robust to the presence of a small number of observations, message exchange errors, and unknown network delay distributions.
Although the overhead of the multi-copy routing network is large, by increasing the number of copies of message, the message can quickly reach to the destination nodes so as to improve the message submission rate and reduce the network delay.
In addition, the CPF with BS and CPF achieve excellent performance compared to GML and EML in environments which manifest in message exchange errors and time-varying network delay distributions.
Fig. 8 Network delay.
Network delay time.
Figure 18 Network delay (route establishment delay + data delay).
However, no attempts have been made to address the problem of building clock synchronization algorithms that are robust to the unknown distribution of random network delays, message errors, or presence of reduced number of observations.
Then, a motion message estimator is designed to reduce the effect of network delays.
The copies of message routing and the data forwarding routing are the major in the current researches on sensor network delay-tolerant routing [1].
The maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for the clock phase offset assuming a two-way message exchange mechanism between the nodes of a wireless sensor network were recently derived assuming Gaussian and exponential network delays.
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