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By late gastrulation stages fibronectin and laminin form two layers; one between the ectoderm and mesoderm germ layers and a second localizing beneath (and surrounding) deep mesodermal and endodermal cells.
The notochord derives from all three germ layers as it originates in a blended fashion from primitive ectoderm, sharing mesodermal and endodermal attributes as it develops as an outgrowth from Hensen's node between the ectoderm and endoderm [ 3].
Future mesodermal and endodermal cells sink down into the interior, leaving only the ectodermal material at the surface.
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and somatic cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) possess unlimited self-renewal capacity and great potential to differentiate to various cell types of three embryonic germ layers (ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal).
It acts in part by regulating the cohesion of mesodermal and endodermal (mesendodermal) progenitor cells [3].
To examine this possibility we analyzed tumor samples with an array of mesodermal and endodermal markers.
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hESC supplementation with BMP antagonist Noggin and bFGF produced a predominantly neuronal cell phenotype with extremely low expression of pluripotent, mesodermal and endodermal-specific genes.
Previously, we obtained a population of cells from human dental pulp called dental pulp pluripotent stem cells (DPPSCs) that could differentiate into mesodermal, ectodermal and endodermal progenies.
Histological examination of the teratomas at week nine after injection revealed representative tissues originating from the three embryonic germ layers, including ectodermal neural tissues, mesodermal cartilage and endodermal gut-like epithelial tissues (Fig. 7D F).
Sub-cutaneous injection of cgd-iPSC into immunodeficient mice generated tumour between the 4th and 5th week and subsequent histological analysis of tumour sections revealed the presence of ectodermal (neural tube), mesodermal (cartilage) and endodermal (gut epithelium) structures as shown in figure 1B.
However, the plasticity of MSC is not limited to mesenchymal derivatives, since MSC have been induced to differentiate into mesodermal, neuroectodermal and endodermal lineages [ 1].
More suggestions(13)
mesodermal and septum
mesodermal and pluripotent
mesodermal and neuroectodermal
mesodermal and extraembryonic
mesodermal and ectodermal
mesodermal and mesectodermal
mesodermal and neurectodermal
mesodermal and cardiac
mesodermal and neuronal
mesodermal and epidermal
mesodermal and spinal
mesodermal and extra-embryonic
mesodermal and neural
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