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and the above mentioned traits.
Colour morph was found to be neutral in the base population relative to the traits tested, i.e., host preference, host performance and mate choice, suggesting that in natural, unselected populations, colour is not closely linked to the above mentioned traits.
Identification of main-effect (M-QTLs) as well as epistatic QTLs (E-QTLs) is the key for GAB to improve above mentioned traits.
The availability of reliable diagnostic markers for large effect QTL underlying the above mentioned traits, would tremendously alleviate breeding rye varieties meeting these often contradictory demands.
Multienvironment mixed model mapping in the RIL population showed that QTL for the above mentioned traits were mostly distributed on linkage groups b03, b05, b06, b08, b09, and b10 (Table 5, Figure 4).
In total, 10 associations were detected between polymorphisms or tight linkage disequilibrium (LD) groups within the COMT, CCoAOMT2, 4CL1, 4CL2, F5H, and PAL genomic fragments, respectively, and the above mentioned traits.
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The most mentioned trait was a production trait (43%), followed by a type trait (40%) and a functional trait (17%).
In summary, some of the above mentioned trait associated polymorphisms or LD groups likely change protein sequence and expression dramatically, and are consequently the most likely QTPs affecting agronomic traits.
We never discussed or mentioned trait loss at any time during the course, so it seems likely that our students learned natural selection well enough that they were able to reason effectively about the relatively novel evolutionary scenario of how traits are lost.
Some did not mention traits of the PA morph at all (Atkinson and Upson, 2006; Ohba, 2006), while others considered the PA inflorescence to be a male inflorescence resulting from the abortion of female flower clusters (Lu et al., 1999; Li et al., 2005) or a compound structure of several inflorescences (Manning, 1938).
In the Normandy breed, requests for one, two and three traits were 20%, 28%and52%2%, a situation similar to that in the Holstein breed (breeders were prone to mention trait triplets).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com