He also mentions cell death pathways, such as mitotic catastrophe, that are still not well defined at the molecular level.
Apart from the above-mentioned cell death, several other cell death pathways such as cornification, entosis, netosis, parthanatos, and pyroptosis have also been discussed elsewhere [ 4, 9– 12].
As mentioned above, disturbances in cell death pathways result in pathogenesis of various disorders.
For better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the various modes of cell death mentioned above, here we have discussed the different pathways and the factors that are the main players involved in executing the cellular fates (also see Figure 1).
However, the involvement of the above mentioned pathways in TRD mediated cell death has to be addressed in further studies.
As mentioned above, TNFα alone does not lead to cell death and this is due to its strong NF-κB activating properties.
As mentioned above, FasL is a critical mediator of cell death in chronic and acute liver diseases and induces apoptosis in primary hepatocytes in vitro.
As mentioned above, hepatitis viruses protect hepatocytes from apoptotic cell death by promoting the activation of Ras/PI3K/Akt/mTOR survival pathway [ 124, 125].
As we previously mentioned, the key regulatory step in the intrinsic cell death pathway is the activation of the proapoptotic molecule, Bax [ 163].
As previously mentioned, the therapeutic options against IR-induced cochlea hair cell death are notably limited.
However, it is worth mentioning that cytotoxicity can be mediated by several different cell death mechanisms.
