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The medical model treats disability as an individual physical or mental characteristic with significant personal and social consequences.
"Disability" is typically defined in terms of two elements: (i) a physical or mental characteristic labeled or perceived as an impairment or dysfunction, and (ii) a significant personal or social limitation associated with that characteristic.
Indeed, some defensible understanding of what counts as better or worse human functioning would seem to be necessary to determine when some social practice has turned a physical (or mental) characteristic into a significant disadvantage for a person.
If consciousness can be tied together with language, abstract reasoning, or some other mental characteristic that potentially could explain our apparent seperateness from the natural world, this would solve two outstanding mysteries at once.
: (i) a physical or mental characteristic labeled or perceived as an impairment or dysfunction (in the remainder of this entry, we will refer to such characteristics as "impairments," without assuming the objectivity or validity of that label) and (ii) some personal or social limitation associated with that impairment.
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She concluded that, contrary to the prevailing view of male and female mental characteristics, there are few significant psychological differences between sexes, and many more similarities.
Needless to say, phrenology has now been thoroughly debunked: the idea that the shape of the skull can be used to infer mental characteristics is just plain wrong.
Eugenicists claimed that a "defective" generation was being bred, arguing that criminality as well as physical and mental characteristics were inherited via "germ plasm".
In assessment, clinical psychologists administer and interpret psychological tests, either for the purpose of evaluating individuals' relative intelligence or other capabilities or for the purpose of eliciting mental characteristics that will aid in diagnosing a particular mental disorder.
As Dr. Jeff Brown, a Harvard psychologist and an author of "The Winner's Brain," said: "Negotiating a marathon requires many of the same mental characteristics needed in life.
Low-cost sequencing technologies would allow DNA samples to be analysed completely - not just to give patterns for matching, but even rough indications of physical and mental characteristics - convenient for rounding up suspects.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com