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In this short pathophysiology collection of IR, we recognize again the two clusters linked to IR: inflammation with an activated immune/repair system; and increased mental activation (mood, food intake, stress and stress axes).
When considering these diseases and disease states, one observes two major clusters of clinical entities that are linked to IR: inflammation with an activated immune/ repair system; and increased mental activation.
One recognizes two independent organs - the selfish immune system, and the selfish brain [ 37, 72] - related to the abovementioned clusters of inflammation with an activated immune/repair system and of increased mental activation.
This model states that IR is an acute catabolic program to serve the selfish immune system or the selfish brain, positively selected for inflammation with an activated immune/repair system and for increased mental activation.
Since IR is a perfect diagnostic marker of an activated energy reallocation program (inflammation and mental activation), measuring IR might be a suitable biomarker to study the control of systemic inflammation in CIDs.
In the acute situation of emergency for a loved one, family members and hospital staff show strong mental activation that can lead to a higher state of activity, a better readiness to take action, but also poor sleep and symptoms of anxiety [ 74, 75].
Similar(36)
The key feature that is common to both types of mental activity is the activation of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC 41.
Ertekin et al. [ 15] suggested that spontaneous saliva swallowing differs from voluntarily dry swallowing both in neurological control and in sub mental muscles activation.
This may lead to mental stress and activation of the sympathetic nervous system (i.e., two factors that are reported to be risk factors for M-TMD pain [20, 36] with subsequent peripheral release of dopamine.
To shed more light on the involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in migraine pathophysiology, we investigated cardiac and cardiovascular reactions during vagal (paced breathing) and sympathetic activation (mental stress test).
This corresponds with the expectation that mental substitute of activation should be more sensitive to goal-congruent situations and experiences (positive and controlled).
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