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After exclusion of 353 men with prevalent CHD at baseline, as defined earlier [16], data on coffee consumption and smoking, as well as a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sample, were available for 773 men.
These associations remained when men with prevalent CVD were excluded.
There were 142 women and 18 men with prevalent vertebral fractures, and 185 women and 21 men with prevalent non-vertebral fractures.
No men with prevalent prostate cancer were included, and if a prostate cancer was detected during follow-up, this was ignored.
A large prospective study found that men with prevalent PAD had an increased rate of hip bone loss compared with men without PAD (-0.6% vs -0.3%, P < 0.001) [ 2].
An SD (0.10 g/L) higher fetuin-A level was associated with a 70% greater odds of prevalent diabetes for men with prevalent CVD but was not related to prevalent diabetes among men without known CVD (P for interaction = 0.022).
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During the mean 7-year follow-up, there were 162 incident type 2 diabetes cases in the 3,428 men with no prevalent diabetes.
The urban-rural gradient among men, with more prevalent snus use in the least urbanized areas, persisted after income, education and other SES characteristics were controlled for.
In the 4,434 men with no prevalent diabetes or CHD, there were 256 incident cases of type 2 diabetes and 680 major CHD events (276 fatal, 404 nonfatal) during the 20-year follow-up period.
We excluded all men and women with prevalent diabetes (defined as the presence of a diagnosis by a doctor of diabetes and/or a fasting glucose of ≥7 mmol/l) (n = 481 men, n = 377 women) and four women whose diabetes status could not be determined.
Coronary artery disease is especially prevalent among obese men, with a prevalence of 44% in men over the age of 50 years with a BMI of 30 kg/m or more.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com