This finding suggests impaired executive functions, working memory, vigilance and cognitive flexibility, which cannot be compensated by using more time, as compared to the controls.
Thus, reliance on a 'people-dependent' intervention such as speaking aloud may be less effective at reducing errors because it is ultimately reliant on human memory, vigilance and adherence to rules.
Clinically, higher blood levels of estradiol, the most prominent premenopausal estrogen, are associated with better mental performance, and in women with menopausal symptoms, estrogen has improved verbal memory, vigilance, reasoning and the speed of motor responses.
Furthermore, results of a meta-analysis (Le Blanc et al 2001) indicate that women with menopausal symptoms who take ET/EPT have better verbal memory, vigilance, reasoning, and motor speed, than those who do not.
Central nervous system (CNS) adverse events are of particular concern as muscarinic receptors are prominent in the CNS and play an important role in memory, vigilance, problem solving, stimulus and response processing [101].
Generally speaking, cognitive enhancers improve working and episodic (event-specific) memory, attention, vigilance, and overall wakefulness but act through different brain systems and neurotransmitters to exert their enhancing effects.
Although obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) appears to be associated with cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cognitive impairment (for example, deficits in memory, attention, vigilance, and learning) [ 12, 13], sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has only infrequently been considered as a potential risk factor for postoperative delirium [ 14, 15].
Moreover, this meta-analysis demonstrates that previous claims of no age declines in prospective memory are artifacts of methodological and conceptual issues afflicting prior research including widespread ceiling effects, low statistical power, age confounds, and failure to distinguish between various subdomains of prospective memory (e.g., vigilance and prospective memory proper).
In the absence of such labels, the field is in danger of simultaneously discussing and arguing about the properties of apples (prospective memory proper), oranges (vigilance), and occasionally, of bananas (habitual prospective memory).
Previous research has shown that frequent standby duties are associated with, for example, decreased visual memory, reaction times, vigilance, and clinical performance (e.g., [ 3, 22– 22]).
Children and laboratory animals exposed to lead or PCBs show deficits in many aspects of attention and executive function that have been shown to be impaired in children diagnosed with ADHD, including tests of working memory, response inhibition, vigilance, and alertness.
