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The spatial reference memory test has been previously used to assess the pattern completion of memory recall.
Also, the degree of dysfunction in memory test has not been defined.
In closing, we must acknowledge that expanding cognitive batteries to include an extra memory test has some disadvantages.
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For example, continuous versions of the (previously handling-intensive) T-maze spatial memory test have been introduced; rodents perform learning tasks for hours without intervention [ 16 18].
We found that the discriminative power of the associative memory test was greater than for the item memory test in Trial 1, Trial 3, and total score, confirming the results of Troyer et al. (2008) [ 14] that associative memory test had advantage for identifying aMCI from normal aging in comparison to item memory.
On the other hand, the AUC of the PALT was higher than AVLT in both the first trial (.805 vs..740), the third trial (.920 vs..794), and the total score (.923 vs..824), which revealed that the associative memory test had more discriminative power than the item memory test in differentiating aMCI from normal aging.
The combination of emotional processing during implicit memory tests has already proved a valid approach to investigate whether episodic memory encoding can be enhanced in population with psychiatric disorders [ 25] (see also [ 26] for a recent meta-analysis on this methodology).
Both lead and PCBs have effects on tests designed to assess working memory, with deficits observed in humans (Boucher et al. 2009; Canfield et al. 2004; Chiodo et al. 2004; Surkan et al. 2007) and animal models (Alber and Strupp 1996; Rice 1993; Sable and Schantz 2006), although performance on working memory tests has not been consistently associated with lead in human studies (Table 1).
Researchers enrolled 44 adults ages 60 to 80 and found that those who performed well on memory tests had brains with youthful characteristics.
Episodic memory tests had the highest potential to discriminate with almost twice the predictive power of any other domain.
Several recent studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during recognition memory tests have suggested that the ability to neuromodulate as a function of cognitive demand may be impaired in older adults due to age-related cell loss and neural volume reduction in memory specific regions.
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