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Further comparison of direction- and instruction-specific neurons during delay 1 and/or delay 2 indicate that qualitatively similar signals were represented in the 2 regions including visual memory neurons and visual memory + movement preparation neurons (Table 1).

The presence of more frequent action-related signals in the caudal FEF (Fig. 2 E ) is also reflected in the discharge of visual memory neurons and visual memory + movement preparation neurons; most of these neurons also carried direction-specific action-related signals (e.g., Figs 2 A and 3 A ; see below).

It showed the data fell in a pattern that the computational experts had predicted: Episodic memory neurons essentially were few and far between.

Included in this figure were 6 visual memory neurons, 4 visual memory + movement preparation neurons, and 17 other task-related neurons that exhibited directional visual motion response during cue 1 that were tested in the same task condition (i.e., the durations of delay 1 and delay 2 were set at 1 and 2 s, respectively).

Preferred directions of visual motion direction for 5 visual memory neurons were ipsilateral to the recoding side and that of the remaining neuron was contralateral to the recording side.

Figure 4 plots latencies of 44 neurons that exhibited excitation; these neurons included 6 visual memory neurons, 4 visual memory + movement preparation neurons, 3 movement preparation neurons, and 31 neurons that were classified as other task-related neurons (Table 1).

For instance, during delay periods in working memory tasks, while stimuli are represented in working memory, neurons in the prefrontal cortex, thought to support the memory representation, exhibit time-varying neuronal activity.

Working memory involves cortical "memory neurons" that establish a representation of a stimulus that persists after the stimulus is removed.

Sinusoidal pursuit was tested for 2 visual memory neurons that exhibited directional eye movement-related discharge during the action period.

Although we did not find a significant difference in the percentage of visual memory neurons in the 2 regions (Table 1, neuron group 1), this may be due to the small numbers of responsive neurons in the caudal FEF.

All 6 visual memory neurons recorded (Table 1, group 1) exhibited directional discharge modulation during cue 1 that was maintained during delay 1 (e.g., Fig. 2 A, period 2), and 4 of the 6 also exhibited directional modulation during the action period with the same preferred direction as the cue 1 response (e.g., Fig. 2 A, period 6).