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Most difficult items were the three memory items and "Orientation to date" (which also tests recent memory), and "Serial sevens".
Parents who have lost a baby during pregnancy, delivery, or shortly after birth are commonly offered time to see their baby, memory items, and support.
This is not surprising since per definition all patients with AD had MCI, whereas some of the patients with PD were cognitively intact, and the MMSE emphasises language and memory items and thus is more sensitive to the changes in early AD than in PD.
This bias was found to be restricted to a single item, and therefore, Olivers and colleagues proposed a distinction between "passive" memory items and a single-item "attentional set" in WM (e.g., a target to be searched for), which can bias the processing of perceptual inputs.
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Thus, the visual features of the memory item, and not the semantic association between the memory item and the second exemplar, may have been what biased attention.
However, we observed a clear difference in the activity evoked by the memory item and the distracter.
Three types of trials were based on the match between the memory item and one of the distractors in the search array (see Fig. 1): On exact-match trials, one of the distractors in the search array was the memory item, and the other distractors were randomly drawn from categories other than that to which the memory item belonged.
For Experiment 1A, participants pressed one key if the probe was identical to the memory item and another key if the probe was not.
For Experiment 1B, participants pressed one key if the memory probe belonged to the same object category as the memory item and another key if the probe belonged to a different object category.
It is possible that due to Bahrami Balani et al. only having two items in the search display, this quitting decision was more affected by the semantic link between the memory item and the distractor than was seen in our experiments.
On category-match trials, one of the distractors in the search array belonged to the same category as the memory item, and again, the other distractors were randomly drawn from the other categories.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com