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Accordingly, a critical re-evaluation of studies investigating spatial memory in monkeys revealed that at least some of the discrepant results in the literature can consistently be explained by a failure to recognize and control for the fact that experimental subjects may flexibly use egocentric and allocentric representations in memory tasks [23].
Our aim in the present experiments was to test directly the generality of the effects of selective cholinergic depletion of inferotemporal cortex on learning and memory in monkeys.
This finding shows that the impairments previously shown in scene learning and recognition memory in monkeys with extensive white matter disconnections of temporal cortex are dissociable.
Landmark studies in monkeys have shown that visuospatial working memory in monkeys is modulated by dopamine (Funahashi and Kubota, 1994; Goldman-Rakic, 1996; Goldman-Rakic et al., 2000), specifically via prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors (Williams and Goldman-Rakic, 1995).
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It is well known that dopamine (DA) modulates, via D1 receptors, the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for working memory in monkey with an inverted-U shape profile.
Friedman and Goldman-Rakic [ 50] first suggested that these regions may represent important nodes of a working memory network by demonstrating concurrent metabolic activation during working memory tasks in monkeys.
Damage limited to the hippocampal region produces long-lasting memory impairment in monkeys.
Zola-Morgan, S., Squire, L. R. & Amaral, D. G. Lesions of the hippocampal formation but not lesions of the fornix or the mammillary nuclei produce long-lasting memory impairment in monkeys.
Arnsten and Li suggest that noradrenergic transmission has a vital beneficial effect on PFC function, particularly via postsynaptic alpha-2-adrenoreceptors. Alpha -2 agonists such as guanfacine have been shown to improve working memory performance in monkeys after direct infusion into the dorsolateral PFC [ 75].
Dr. Carmena then decided to test the memory in his monkeys.
These data suggested that the interactions of morphine and AChergic, NMDAergic and beta-adrenergic compounds were involved in spatial working memory in rhesus monkeys.
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